Sextortion: What it is, How it Happens and Who’s at Risk

Sextortion cases are rising. Here’s what you need to know:

Among the many online threats today’s teens face, one is quickly rising: sextortion. Between 2021 and 2023, the number of online enticement reports, the category that includes sextortion, to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), increased by 323%. Unfortunately, this trend is continuing, with our latest research finding that 1 in 5 teens reported experiencing sextortion. Even more alarmingly, 1 in 7 victims of sextortion reported engaging in self-harm due to their experience. 

Thorn has conducted research and built campaigns to combat this threat since as early as 2015.

What is sextortion?

Sextortion – a word combined from the words sex and extortion – is when someone’s sexual imagery is used to extort them. Put simply, it’s when someone, the sextortionist, blackmails or threatens to expose another person’s sexual imagery to make that person do something they don’t want to do, like send more compromising photos, maintain a relationship, or send money. Online strangers, peers, former romantic partners, and even family members can sextort victims in an attempt to harass, embarrass, and control them.  

Sextortion is a crime

The crime of sextortion may happen when a person has shared a nude or nearly nude photo or video with someone they met online and thought they could trust. Although this is not always the case: Our research found that 44% of victims reported that their images were recorded or screenshotted without their consent. Another 13% of victims reported that they were threatened with a deepfake AI image someone had made of them.

Unfortunately, in many cases, the child has been targeted by an individual with malintent: someone who is looking to obtain sexual imagery from the child through deceit, coercion, and other nefarious methods. Often, the offenders gain trust by pretending to be someone else (e.g. catfishing) by sharing images of another person who they’re attempting to impersonate, like another child, and/or they use fake accounts to communicate with the child. Once they receive or create the child’s explicit imagery, they then blackmail and threaten that child with the release of the imagery, unless the child does as they say. 

Sextortion can happen on any platform with messaging 

Unfortunately, it seems that no platform is immune from these types of scams. Our research found that 81% of sextortion threats happened exclusively online. Sextortion cases have been reported on most of the major social media, dating, gaming, and messaging apps.

NCMEC’s 2024 CyberTipline report cited sextortion cases as a contributing factor to the 192% increase in reports in the online enticement category from 2023 to 2024. In fact, in 2024 there was an average of nearly 100 reports of  sextortion made per day.

Which factors may make some kids more vulnerable to sextortion? 

Interacting with others through the internet is an important part of how kids socialize, regularly connecting with people they know only online through mutual friends, shared interests, and games. Importantly, they often don’t consider them strangers, even if that online friend is an adult. 

1 in 3 victims knew their extortionist in real life – often a romantic partner, school peer, or even a family acquaintance. When the threat comes from someone known to the victim, it can be even more psychologically damaging, as it breaks established trust and may involve more credible threats to share content with mutual connections.

Age is another critical factor. Our research found that 1 in 6 victims were age 12 or younger when they first experienced sextortion. These younger children are particularly vulnerable, as they often lack the emotional tools to recognize manipulation and may not know how to seek help when targeted.

LGBTQ+ youth experience significantly higher rates of self-harm following sextortion. While 10% of non-LGBTQ+ victims reported self-harm, that rate nearly triples to 28% among LGBTQ+ youth. This alarming difference highlights how marginalized communities with existing vulnerabilities and potential lack of personal support networks can compound the trauma of sextortion.

We learned from our research that, for many kids, chatting and flirting with adults they met online was seen as normal. Seemingly innocent flirtation or friendship can quickly turn traumatic if a child is tricked or coerced into sharing intimate images and those images are used to blackmail them.

Sextortion is extremely traumatic and isolating.

Despite the severity of sextortion, many young victims suffer in silence. Our research found that 16% of victims never told anyone about their experience. This silence prevents them from getting the help they need and can allow the abuse to continue.

Roughly 85% of young adults and teens surveyed who had their intimate images used as blackmail by a peer or online perpetrator said embarrassment was their primary reason for not going to their friends and family for help. 

Other reasons victims don’t seek support include:

• Fear of escalation keeps victims quiet. They worry that telling someone might lead to the perpetrator carrying out their threats or making the situation worse.
• Lack of awareness about available resources leaves many young people feeling like they have nowhere to turn.
• Concern about losing access to devices or platforms if parents or guardians react by restricting online activities. 

Kids experiencing sextortion often do not see themselves as victims and instead believe it is their fault this is happening to them. Kids experiencing this type of online abuse can feel shame, fear, hopelessness, and isolation, which perpetrators rely on to carry out their threats. Sadly, we have heard about cases rapidly escalating and resulting in self-harm and suicide.

Parent of a sextortion victim speaks out 

Pauline Stuart shared her son Ryan’s story on our recent webinar, “Breaking the Silence: Survivors and parents speak out to prevent sextortion and online grooming.” The tragic loss of her son to suicide just hours after being financially sextorted has driven Pauline to get the message out to other parents about the risks of sextortion and why they urgently need to have on-going, judgment free conversations with their kids about their digital lives.

How to know if you’re being sextorted

To help figure out if what you’re experiencing is sextortion, try and use an “if, then” statement. So, if you don’t do something, then there’s a consequence. For example:

• “If I don’t give them more nude images or meet them for sex, then they’ll post online all the private pictures I already gave them for my family/friends to see.”
• “If I don’t give them a nude picture or have sex with them, then they said they’ll hurt themselves or break up with me because I must not care about them anyway.”
• “If I don’t give them money, then they’ll share a private video of me that they recorded while I thought we were just livestreaming.”
• “If I don’t stay in a relationship with them, then they’ll post the images I shared with them while we were together.”
• “If I give them just one more image, then they’ll stop threatening me and leave me alone.”

If you’re still not sure, read some sextortion survivor stories to see if there are parallels to what you’re going through. No matter what, if something doesn’t feel right, it probably isn’t. And if you’re in a similar situation, you should know what you can do about it.

What can you do if you or someone you know is being sextorted?

If you or someone you know is being threatened online, know that this is not your fault, you are not alone, and there is hope to get to the other side.

• Make a report to NCMEC’s Cybertipline at report.cybertip.org
• Reach out to NCMEC for support at gethelp@ncmec.org  or  1-800-THELOST 

Learn additional steps you can take in our post about how to stop sextortion.

Original publish date: November 14, 2022